If the UK leaves the Single Market and Customs Union, it is difficult to envisage how a hard border can be avoided on the island of Ireland. Regardless of whether tariffs apply, customs checks are still going to need to happen in most scenarios.

Technology can improve wait times at the border but it is important to note that it cannot get rid of borders altogether. Trusted trader schemes where fast track customs clearance options are available to certain traders can also help but again cannot get rid of borders.